S 2142 Ground and Orbital Launched Defeat of Emergent Nuclear Destruction and Other Missile Engagements Act of 2025

• Authority: United States Congress
• Parent authority: Federal government
• Jurisdiction: United States
• Collections: U.S. federal laws
• Most recent activity: Proposed
• Most recent activity date: 2025-06-23

Risk subdomain coverage

Good coverage — Comprehensive governance measures or mitigations with clear procedures relating to the risk subdomain are explicitly described.

• Cyberattacks, weapon development or use
• Competitive dynamics
• Lack of capability or robustness

Minimal coverage — Brief mention but no specific mitigations, recommendations or governance measures relating to the risk subdomain are described.

• AI system security vulnerabilities
• Overreliance and unsafe use
• Loss of human agency and autonomy
• AI possessing dangerous capabilities

All other risk subdomains had no coverage in this document.

Risk Coverage Summary

The document primarily addresses risks in the AI system security (2.2), malicious actors/weapons development (4.2), competitive dynamics (6.4), and AI system safety domains (7.2, 7.3). It focuses on developing AI-enabled missile defense systems while addressing security, robustness, and testing requirements. Coverage concentrates on national security applications of AI rather than societal risks like discrimination or misinformation.

Sector coverage

Good coverage — Comprehensive governance measures or mitigations with clear procedures relating to the sector are explicitly described.

• Information
• Professional & Technical Services
• Scientific Research & Development Services
• National Security

Minimal coverage — Brief mention but no specific mitigations, recommendations or governance measures relating to the sector are described.

• Agriculture, Mining, Construction & Manufacturing
• Trade, Transportation & Utilities
• Public Administration (excl. National Security)

All other sectors had no coverage in this document.

Sectors Summary

This document primarily governs the National Security sector, specifically military defense operations and missile defense systems. It also significantly impacts the Information sector (telecommunications, data processing for defense), Scientific Research and Development Services (R&D for defense technologies), and Professional and Technical Services (defense contractors and consultants). The Trade, Transportation and Utilities sector is moderately covered through space-based infrastructure.

Legislative Status

Hard Law

Legislative Status Summary

This is a U.S. Congressional bill with binding legal obligations once enacted. It uses mandatory language throughout ('shall') and establishes enforcement mechanisms, authorities, and appropriations with the force of federal statute.

Actors

Proposer

• Entity Types: AI_Governance_Actor
• Entities: Mr. Sullivan (Senator); Mr. Cramer (Senator); United States Senate; United States Congress
• Summary: The bill was introduced by Senators Sullivan and Cramer in the U.S. Senate on June 23, 2025. As members of Congress proposing national security legislation, they are governmental actors with legislative authority.

Target

• Entity Types: AI_Governance_Actor, AI_Developer, AI_Infrastructure_Provider
• Entities: Secretary of Defense; Department of Defense; Missile Defense Agency; Space Development Agency; Army; Navy; Air Force; Marines; Space Force; United States Northern Command; United States Indo-Pacific Command; National Security Agency; Coast Guard; Commercial space companies; Defense contractors
• Summary: The bill primarily targets the Department of Defense and its agencies, requiring them to develop and deploy AI-enabled missile defense systems. It also targets commercial contractors and space companies that will develop and provide these systems, making them subject to federal procurement requirements and standards.

Enforcer

• Entity Types: AI_Governance_Actor
• Entities: Secretary of Defense; Golden Dome Direct Report Program Manager; Deputy Secretary of Defense; Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; Congressional defense committees; Federal courts
• Summary: The bill establishes a Golden Dome Program Manager with extensive acquisition and enforcement authority, reporting to the Deputy Secretary of Defense. Congressional committees have oversight authority, and federal courts have jurisdiction over expedited construction authority challenges.

Monitor

• Entity Types: AI_Governance_Actor
• Entities: Golden Dome Direct Report Program Manager; Congressional defense committees; Committee on Armed Services; Deputy Secretary of Defense; Secretary of Defense; Director of the Missile Defense Agency
• Summary: The Program Manager is responsible for oversight and monitoring of Golden Dome implementation. Congressional defense committees receive regular reports and briefings. Multiple testing and evaluation requirements establish ongoing monitoring mechanisms.

AI Lifecycle Stages

Lifecycle stages covered by the documents, as defined in the OECD Framework for the Classification of AI Systems

• Plan and Design
• Build and Use Model
• Verify and Validate
• Deploy
• Operate and Monitor

AI Lifecycle Summary

The document comprehensively covers most AI lifecycle stages. It extensively addresses planning and design (holistic strategy development), model building (AI/ML platform development), verification and validation (robust testing regime), deployment (fielding of systems), and operational monitoring (ongoing oversight and assessment). Data collection is not explicitly covered.

Technical Scope

Terms relating to technical scope that are mentioned or implicitly referenced in the document

• AI Models
• AI Systems
• Predictive AI
• Task-specific AI

Technical Scope Summary

The document explicitly mentions AI systems and machine learning multiple times in the context of missile defense applications. It discusses artificial intelligence-driven battle management, information fusion platforms utilizing ML/AI, and AI-driven supply chain tools. The focus is on task-specific military AI applications rather than general-purpose or frontier AI. No compute thresholds or foundation models are mentioned.